Laravel Folder Structure:
Folder Path Uses

Controller

app/Http/ All controller files are located here.

Middleware

app/Http/ All Middlewares are located here ex: Authenticate.

Enums

app/ Convenient way to manage and work with fixed sets of values within application

Notifications

app/ You can define application Notification classes, basically used to call SMS/Email.

Models

app/ All applicaton Models are saved here, by using Models you can interact with database.

Migration

database/ All Database related migrations.

Seeders

database/ All Database related seeders, you can make dummy data from seeders.

Routes

routes/ You can add new route in routes/web.php or create api in routes/api.php.

Resources

resources/ All assets or blade files here.

composer.json

/ Composer is a dependency management tool for PHP.
Application Layout Structure:
File(Custom Files) Path Uses

app.blade.php

resources/views/layouts/ Main View file skeleton prepared.

footer.blade.php

resources/views/layouts/ Footer text for application front end prepared.

head.blade.php

resources/views/layouts/ Common css files placed here.

header.blade.php

resources/views/layouts/ Code to handle front end header.

navigation.blade.php

resources/views/layouts/ Code to handle sidebar navigation(links).

script.blade.php

resources/views/layouts/ Common JS files placed here.

session.blade.php

resources/views/layouts/ Code to show alerts on front end.
Application Components:
File(Custom Files) Path Uses

achor-tag.blade.php

resources/views/components/ Used to manage links.

browse-image.blade.php

resources/views/components/ Image browsing button with view image.

button.blade.php

resources/views/components/ Code to handle buttion functionality.

input-labels.blade.php

resources/views/components/ Code to handle Labels.

textarea.blade.php

resources/views/components/ Code to handle Text Box.

input.blade.php

resources/views/components/ Code to handle Input Box.

dropdown-*.blade.php

resources/views/components/ Code to handle Dropdowns.
Authentication Files:
File(Custom Files) Path Uses

login.blade.php

resources/views/auth/ Login page code.

forgot-password.blade.php

resources/views/auth/ Forgot Password page code.

reset-password.blade.php

resources/views/auth/ Reset Password Page code.